On a global scale, the pharmaceutical industry makes about 300 billion dollars a year.  One third of that market is controlled by ten of the largest drug companies.  Six of those companies are based in the United States.  It seems that much of the success of these pharmaceutical companies comes at the expense of providing affordable pharmaceuticals for the consumers. Pharmaceutical executive Martin Shkreli has been making headlines since last year when he acquired the company that produced Daraprim, a drug that treats toxoplasmosis, an infection that can cause blindness or death in pregnant women and people with HIV or certain types of cancer.  Shkreli decided to raise the price of Daraprim from $13.50 a tablet to $750.00 a tablet, which was a 5000% increase in the price overnight.  He later stated in an interview that he believed he should have raised the price even more. In principle,  Shrekli’s fiduciary duty to to shareholders to maximize profits justifies increasing the price of this drug. After all, shareholders include pension funds and other organizations that are important for the stability of the economy and middle class livelihoods. However, Shrekli has been accused of using money from one enterprise to pay an [read more]

  Abigail Fisher. Photo credit: The Daily Texan   With the Black Lives Matter movement gaining support nationwide, the release of Turning the Tide, a report by Harvard’s Graduate School of Education recommending a college-admissions overhaul, and Fisher v. University of Texas-Austin (“Fisher II”) pending, affirmative action is back in the spotlight just in time for the presidential campaign season. In 2013, the Supreme Court remanded Fisher v. University of Texas-Austin (“Fisher I”) for a stricter application of the strict scrutiny standard of review.  In July 2014, after the remand, a Fifth Circuit panel again endorsed University of Texas’s admissions policies, over an impassioned dissent by Judge Garza.  Fisher appealed, again, to the Supreme Court. In December 2015, the Supreme Court of the United States heard oral arguments in Fisher II.  Considering that the Court probably would not have agreed to rehear the case if it believed the Fifth Circuit was correct, it is possible that the Court will bring an end to affirmative action policies altogether. Although many critics considered Fisher I anti-climactic, Justice Kennedy made several moves in his majority opinion in Fisher I that bear importantly on Fisher II.  But before we examine Fisher I, we first [read more]

  Football is ingrained in American culture.  This has been evidenced by the fact that professional football has been voted as America’s favorite sport for thirty years straight.  Furthermore, the recent Super Bowl 50 garnered 111.9 million television viewers.  And the National Football League (“NFL”) grosses over seven billion dollars annually.  Yet, despite our country’s attraction to the game, there are some serious dangers that lurk in the background. Football is a physical sport and with this physicality comes many associated health risks. Besides the long-recognized risk of broken bones and torn ligaments, recently, the risk of long-term cognitive problems have become a salient issue.  A few months ago, the movie Concussions was released, starring Will Smith, which further shed light on this matter.   The NFL has even admitted that “it expects nearly a third of retired players to develop long-term cognitive problems and that the conditions are likely to emerge at ‘notably younger ages’ than in the general population.”  For example, the NFL’s report found that “[f]ormer players between 50 and 59 years old develop Alzheimer’s disease and dementia at rates 14 to 23 times higher than the general population of the same age range.”  Furthermore, the report also [read more]

Texas may continue to deny birth certificates to children born in the U.S. to illegal immigrants. On October 16, 2015, a Texas federal judge denied an Emergency Application for Temporary Injunction that would have forced Texas hospitals to issue birth certificates to children born in the U.S. to foreign parents, pending a decision in the federal case addressing this same issue. The case was filed in June 2015 by Texas RioGrande Legal Aid, Texas Civil Rights Project, and South Texas Civil Rights Project on behalf of seventeen undocumented mothers and their children suing the Texas Department of State Health Services. The complaint alleges that the seventeen mothers are all citizens of Mexico, Guatemala, or Honduras residing illegally in Texas. The mothers gave birth to their children in Texas and requested official copies of their children’s birth certificates from the Department of State Health Services Vital Statistics Unit, the state agency charged with the responsibility “to collect, protect and provide access to vital records and vital records data to improve the health and well-being in Texas.” The Vital Statistics Unit requires identification from parents seeking copies of their children’s birth certificates, but refuses to accept as identification foreign passports lacking U.S. [read more]

“Let me stress the ‘help’ part, this was a call for help.” –Mary Wilsey “I didn’t call for them to take him to the morgue, I called for medical help.” –Shirley Harrison   Throughout childhood you were taught that whenever there is an emergency you call 911-you call the police-and they will come and help you. When a family member suffering from a mental illness needs someone to take him to a hospital for treatment, you typically do what society has encouraged you to do. You call 911. You believe and hope that the police would arrive and calmly help you and you loved one to the hospital. The last thing you ever expected was that your loved one would end up dead. Yet, this turn of events is common. Jonathan Guillory, David Felix, Daniel Davis, Brandon Lawrence, Jason Harrison, and Keith Vidal are a handful of mentally ill people that police killed between 2014 and 2015.   The individual officers are not completely to blame for the lack the knowledge and skill to identify and appropriately deescalate situations involving mental disabilities. These officers are ill-equipped to handle such situations and the end result is unnecessarily violent. Police departments should reform [read more]

ACA and RFRA: Setting the Scene The Affordable Care Act (ACA, commonly known as Obamacare) requires employers with 50 or more employees to provide health insurance. This insurance must cover certain contraceptive methods, including the so-called “morning after” pill. However, regulations under the ACA allow non-profit religious organizations to opt-out of providing contraceptive coverage to their employees by filing a notice of their religious objection to the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) or the insurer or third-party administrator (TPA) of their health plan. Following an organization’s opt-out, the ACA will then require the insurer or TPA to provide separately for contraceptive coverage for the objecting employer’s employees. The Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA) states that the government may not substantially burden a person’s exercise of religion unless the government satisfies the compelling interest test. The government satisfies the compelling interest test where (1) the burden’s application is in furtherance of a compelling government interest, and such application is (2) the least restrictive means of furthering that compelling interest. In Burwell v. Hobby Lobby the Court ruled that closely-held corporations are “persons” for purposes of RFRA, therefore the government is not challenging the assertion that nonprofit religious organizations are [read more]